Seems that some of the Infinity Watkins systems had a reputation for
being very difficult to drive due to a very low impedance dip. Watkins
talks about the issue of the impedance dip (1.75 ohms) on rec.audio.opinion.
Turns out Nudell added mass to the woofer to lower Fc, but did not retune
the drive circuit. Interesting that a properly tuned Watkins system presents
an almost resistive load to the amp and therefore should be easy to drive.
It should be straightforward to retune the Watkins circuit and make these
old systems even better than when they were new:
"Now, the fun begins...
Mr. Nudell wanted a spec down to 20 HZ, he got to
18, as I recall, by adding ~35 grams of mass under
the dust cap, _BUT_ he did not re-tune LC to the
lower resonant frequency, leaving vc-2 operating
somewhat above the new fundamental resonance, and
creating a low impedance in that area. "
The full post from rec.audio.opinion by Bill Watkins:
Trevor, I believe it's time I explained what happened
here. My dual-drive woofer works so:
A second voice coil (vc-2) is wound over the main voice
coil (vc-1) in the woofer, this second coil having a
single layer and very low impedance. Now vc-2 would
normally have an impedance too low for safe operation.
However around fundamental resonance the impedance of
_any_ coil will ~triple. Now we activate vc-2 _ONLY_
in the region of fundamental resonance (around 45 Hz)
and it rises to ~8 ohms or so (being ~2.5 in the
first place) which is safe. This is accomplished with
an LC circuit tuned to 45 HZ and with the Q of the LC
circuit adjusted to provide the response shape and
impedance desired. Please note that the exact value
of vc-2 and the characteristics of the LC circuit give
_COMPLETE_ control of the impedance. The benefit of
the dual-drive may then be taken in extended bass or
higher efficiency in a given size box, or a smaller
box for a given efficiency or bass extension.
Now I set the parameters of the original QLS-1 in a
prototype and shipped it to Infinity. It had a minimum
impedance of 3.2 ohms, acceptable for a 4 ohm speaker.
At that time we were operating a retail store selling
Infinity. Our first shipment of the QLS-1's arrived,
we tested a pair and found the impedance to be
~1 3/4 ohms from ~50 - 80 HZ. Now, the fun begins...
Mr. Nudell wanted a spec down to 20 HZ, he got to
18, as I recall, by adding ~35 grams of mass under
the dust cap, _BUT_ he did not re-tune LC to the
lower resonant frequency, leaving vc-2 operating
somewhat above the new fundamental resonance, and
creating a low impedance in that area. My name
was already on the royalty agreement, which had no
stipulation to cover such... I did voice my
disapproval to no avail.
If you check, you will find our WE-1, built and
marketed by _my_ company had no impedance problems,
and neither did thousands of other speakers we
built have any impedance problems. Perhaps this
makes things clear for the technical people here.
Bill Watkins
