Railroads were transistioning from team to Diesel in the mid-late 30's. The NAVY put in a competition among the big makers, and GM Winton Won initially. Then F-M got in the race with an 8 cylinder 8-1/8"bore opposed piston unit. Initial findings were promising but the wet jacket liner to frame welds kept failing. One of their engineers designed a dry jacket liner type, which ended up as the 38D 8-1/8" bore 9 and 10 cylinder engines used ONLY in PORTSMOUTH NAVAL SHIPYARD DESIGNED Subs for WWII. These were also built at Mare Island (as a follow up yard). ELECTRIC BOAT (Groton Ct.) DESIGNED and Built boats got the GM WINTON 248 16cylinder "V" Engines and later boats got the uprated 278A engines. All Engines made 1600 hp at between 700 and 900 rpm. The Wintons could be a maintenance nightmare if a piston exploded or a cylinder scored, an exhaust valve bent or a lower cylinder gasket failed. By comparison F-M's were relatively trouble free. The weak link in the whole engine is the cross shaft for the upper to lower Crank shaft. It uses a cone type clutch and usually takes 2-3 days along side a tender and a 1/2 dozen guys to fix it. But it has been done by 3 guys working 24 hour shift for 2 days at sea. All are air start, via HP Air manifolds that inject air into about 1/2 of the cylinders on the GM's and ALL of the cylinders on the F-M's. F-M's use 250psi air for starting while the GM uses 500psi. Crank cases hold 400 gallons of lube oil and fuel consumption is between 50-80gallons and hour per engine (4 engines.) Contrary to popular belief they ARE NOT connected to the propellors (screws). The turn attached Generators for 11.5KW 450VDC. This is in turn directed either to the Main Motors, Hotel Load, and the Batteries. The Batteries are used when the boat is submerged below snorkel depth (if it has one.). Thus the NAVY pulled off one of it's LARGEST PRE WAR R&D coup's by letting the Railroads do all the work at minimal cost to the NAVY, and the NAVY Benefitted BIG TIME!. 2 of these WWII type Subs are still operating in TAIWAN.