You'll need surround-sound recordings, such as some SACD and Blu-ray (audio and video). Or some sort of DSP-generated pseudo-surround-sound.
You don’t need an AVR (or pre-processor) to play multi-channel digital recordings (e.g., SACD, Blu-ray audio, and Blu-ray video). An Oppo universal player (e.g. UDP-205, BDP-105, or BDP-95) will decode any digital recording. The Oppo UDP-205 has built-in "pre-amp" functionality, including selectable downmixing (e.g., 7.1, 5.1, 5.0, 2.1, 2.0), bass management (i.e., configurable subwoofer crossover), and volume control. Additionally, you can combine the rear channels for 4.0 or 4.1.
The Oppo players have a setting called DTS Neo:6 Mode that will simulate 5.1 surround sound from a stereo recording (e.g., CD).
You can build a great surround sound system with two stereo amps and four speakers (i.e., 4.0 or 4.1 system). If you’re interested in experimenting with this, I suggest that you conduct a test by connecting a stereo amp and speakers to the Surround Left and Surround Right from an Oppo player, and listen for how much rear-channel content there is in your favorite recordings, and how much L vs. R distinction. Only you can decide if separate L&R rear channels are worthwhile. If L vs R distinction isn’t important to you for the rear channels, then combine the rear channel connections from the Oppo player into one via an RCA Y-cable. Connect one stereo amp for L&R, and a second stereo amp for center and rear.
Your cassette deck and turntable won't connect to the Oppo. If you want to simulate surround-sound for the cassette deck and turntable, presumably you'd need a surround-sound pre-processor - but I can't help you with that - I've never owned one.
FWIW, my recommendation is use an Oppo player for surround-sound SACDs and Blu-ray, and skip the psuedo-surround-sound for LPs and Cassettes (i.e., play them as stereo).