I can understand why you can feel that way. I know it can be frustrating, for sure. I remember puzzling over the very same things when I was still in high school. In the little town I grew up in there wasn't anyone who could explain things to me either.
Ok, first things first, then. Tell us about what sort of mearuring equipment you have: a DVM? How about a variac? What else, if anything?
Next, to your picture:
- The 2 black cased caps are very likely the 2 voltage doubler caps. They are marked as C23 and C24 on the schematic. From the pic, yours appear to have been replaced, I think. They should read 250mf in value.
- The other 2 silver-cased caps are the filter caps. If you look at the schematic and trace the wiring, they should be C25 and C26. You will find that these have more than one terminal on them. This is because they are multiple caps stuffed into the same can. There cans will be stamped with the values and a shape that corresponds to the terminal on the end of the can with the wire(s) connected to it. Before you start _any_ work, you should make a drawing of all of those connections, with wire colors and where they go. Take lots of closeup pictures, too.
Next, the small board you have there contains the power supply diodes (there's 2 of them - those small little bullet things with a black band toward one end. Those are SR1 and SR2. They've been replaced, BTW.
Next from the left, that gray thing with the 2 legs sticking out is the selenium rectifier. The fat cap beside it is the filter cap for the bias supply, C27.
So, I'll ask a few more questions, here. How comfortable are you working with voltages in excess of 300V? Do you know some of the precautions you need to take to do so? Has anyone ever explained how to take high voltage reading with one hand in your pocket?
I ask as I am concerned about anyone choosing to work on old tube gear. We want you to be able to come back and tell us how well it works and not that you ended up hurt or, worse, killed!
Cheers,
David