The Creative Labs X-Fi HD external USB sound card is designed to do this.
I have one and use it on a regular basis to import my records through its built in RIAA RCA phono in (which doubles as a line in as well). When it's time to listen, I can either plug in headphones into its 1/4in jack, or use its RCA line out to connect to my stereo. It even has optical in/out as well, if that's your thing.
It's even small enough to be portable, and regularly gets tucked into my headphone case when I take my laptop to do work and stuff at school.
It is an awesome piece of kit, and I highly recommend it (like it was highly recommended to me here by other AK members). It is a quality addition to my stereo components.
Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi HD USB Audio System with Phono Preamp
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004275EO4/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_PaScybY64CGE8