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Things you should know about tubes — Robert Tomer

Some of those early fixed bias implementations were not exactly ideal. No adjustments, no means of checking what was going on, it was very much a plug and pray situation. I've had things with adjustments that had no reasonable way of checking anything, the blurb in the Sherwood manual basically said only a factory service center could do it because it involved a distortion analyzer and other test gear. I can also see where having a control that might be misadjusted easily by the owner to fry a set of tubes isn't a selling point for the manufacturer either, hence the lack of adjustments. This stuff might be no problem at all for the technically inclined but for Harry Homeowner who just wants to listen to the hifi it can be a problem.
 
Back when any sort of test gear was scarce and expensive (even a voltmeter was a relatively esoteric thing, then, for the average person), being able to set your own bias probably wasn't practical.

However, now- when a voltmeter sufficient for the purpose here, can be gotten from Harbor Freight, Wal-Mart or myriad other sources, for a little as $5, and a video showing how to do this is as close as Youtube- not to mention the reference material available on sites just like this one- then there's no reason why setting bias should be a big issue today- as long as a provision for measuring cathode current is provided.

Regards,
Gordon.
 
With all due respect to Mr. Tomer, the proof as they say, is in the pudding. If fixed bias was so bad why would the entire line of high powered Dynaco amps, Harman Kardon Citations, etc, etc, are recognized classics of the vacuum tube audio? Like others have mentioned, Tomer's belief that fixed bias should not be used must be viewed in context and not taken as the bible.
In regards to Chi-fi tube amps, from what i have worked on, the failures i have run across have been QC issues. Quality control problems usually stem from putting product output over customer satisfaction or feedback. Those Chinese companies that have made an effort to address customer complaints have lasted longer than others.
 
I would normally agree- but I think this is one of those PDF files that was scanned in as images, and never OCR-processed. So, there's no text to cut and paste.

...Unless someone is willing to put in the time to OCR process them (which has to be HEAVILY proofread afterward), it's the best that's going to happen for a lot of books...

I just ran the entire 164 page book scan through Acrobat Pro OCR and it looks fine- fully text searchable now at 5.83MB if anyone wants it. On the download link, posted on page 1, the 15MB B&W PDF is already OCR'd and fully searchable in any case.
 
Very little (if anything!) has changed regarding tubes vis-a-vis their manufacture and (proper) usage since the time that book was written. Tube technology had reached it's acme during the 1950's/1960's,and until the laws of physics change,there is nothing more to be added.

This is one of the finest books ever written on this subject,by a true Master of the discipline. I actually own this book,and have never found fault with any it's contents.

What has changed is that not enough people read books such as this one.Many can not be bothered to,as they feel that,because of their very forgiving and tolerant nature,tubes don't require a lot of thought,knowledge or consideration of their technical aspects in order to utilize them.In other words,they just ''plug them in'' and can't be bothered to do the math.

Hey i resemble that a bit:oops:. In fairness i try to do the math. Practice makes it easier. I try to follow blazed paths when i can though:dunno:
 
primosounds said:
With all due respect to Mr. Tomer, the proof as they say, is in the pudding. If fixed bias was so bad why would the entire line of high powered Dynaco amps, Harman Kardon Citations, etc, etc, are recognized classics of the vacuum tube audio?
People don't expect 5000–10000 hours of life from their tubes?

primosounds said:
Like others have mentioned, Tomer's belief that fixed bias should not be used must be viewed in context and not taken as the bible.
It seems that someone else should have written a book on tubes, then — with updated information about the attractiveness of fixed bias.
 
retrovert said:
So Tomer's warning about failures in fixed bias chernobyling output tubes was a largely consequence of poor design for the screen supply which caused rectifier failure and thus bias failure.
Interesting. Someone should write a book since, apparently, Tomer's is no longer definitive.
 
So Tomer's warning about failures in fixed bias chernobyling output tubes was a largely consequence of poor design for the screen supply which caused rectifier failure and thus bias failure.

Not totally sure I can agree with that one. The HV and bias rectifiers are independent even if they do sometimes both feed off a common winding on the transformer. There certainly are cases where the screen supply design can abuse the tubes though.
 
Fixed bias failure will usually cause red-plate failure of output tubes. The book was current for the time it was written, there have been developments and advances since.
The other general reference has been The Radiotron Designer's Handbook.
 
Not totally sure I can agree with that one. The HV and bias rectifiers are independent even if they do sometimes both feed off a common winding on the transformer. There certainly are cases where the screen supply design can abuse the tubes though.

Correct, but because the supplies are independent a failure in a bias supply can occur without a failure in B+. Hence the problem.

Should the bias be derived from B+ it is less likely, arguendo, to fail without B+ also failing and thus not resulting in a full-on tube or a screen subsuming the plate's proper role. But when bias uses a separate supply, as rectified by an overloaded selenium rectifier, it can massively fail either because the rectifier fails or the capacitor fails. Also, many designers treated the screen rating limits as treated as suggested starting points.

My point is that selenium rectifiers are not inherently unreliable, per se, but the ones in audio and TV were generally selected to save money at the consequence of low lifespan and catastrophic failure. Tomer was responding to this issue which is no longer true. We have better diodes and bias failure can be properly addressed with such circuits as over-voltage protection, among other possibilities not available at the time of Tomer's caution.
 
Fixed bias failure will usually cause red-plate failure of output tubes. The book was current for the time it was written, there have been developments and advances since.

Which is the key.

Much of Tomer remains applicable because the designs remain unchanged. Heaters, for example, remain abused on power on, and the heater-to-cathode limits are routinely exceeded. Because the design is the same as it was when manufactured.

Yet some of Tomer's other cautions may no longer be applicable because rebuilt equipment uses rectifiers not subject to such failures, capacitors less prone to those failures, and certain types of bias failure have consequently been removed from the pool of reliability issues.
 
One (hopefully final) thought.

In the days when information was difficult to come by, Tomer collected much of the important lore that was only known to designers and repair technicians, and then distilled it into a form written in the vernacular and comprehensible to non-engineers. This was a laudable and valuable accomplishment, and, judging by the number of copies sold, it surely assisted many hobbyists and technicians in understanding, repairing, and building equipment using vacuum tubes.

Books like the Radiotron Design Handbook, to contrast, are a technical tour de force, of course, and remain so even to this very day, but the content was likely not accessible to ordinary people without specialized knowledge or training, including the technicians who simply wanted to fix equipment, understand and evaluate options, and extend the lifespan of their tubes. The local bookstore likely did not carry RDH but it would have carried Tomer in the section with home and auto repairs. I remember even in the 1970s that bookstores carried limited volumes and one simply had to know that a book existed to have it ordered. This continued into the 1980s and early 1990s.

Consider how dark the times were when Tomer was writing. For example, I note that the surgistor, a thermistor with a bi-metallic switch (heat eventually closes the switch), was added to series-string heater equipment—televisions and radios—extend the tube lifespan by reducing heater inrush current. This (to us) obvious tweak was really only known to repair techs and savvier consumers, but one had to be in the cognoscenti to have access to such information. It was available in the repair shops and hardware stores for consumers to add. I know my dad added those to our televisions which were not so equipped and he explained to me why this was necessary.

(The conversation went roughly like this. Me: But if saves the tubes why doesn't it already come installed? Him: Because the manufacturer saves money by leaving it out and it doesn't care if I have to buy tubes more often. Me: But that's wasteful! Him: (nods) My grandfather once told me that this country was founded upon massive waste. Get used to it because it isn't going to change.)

We now have a firehose torrent of information which Tomer would have viewed, I believe, with amazement and incomprehension. He laboriously and tediously assembled information is readily accessible in minutes to anyone with a search engine.

I again suggest anyone reading Tomer as a definitive source consider which areas remain true to this day, and which, like the cautions on fixed bias, were an artifact of the times in which he wrote or which afflicted particular designs. Tomer clearly and concisely identifies issues which ought to be thought about and researched. I cannot think of a single issue Tomer raises, including the merits and risks of fixed bias, which should not be carefully considered and pondered by anyone involved with vacuum tube equipment.

You may not reach the identical conclusions which Tomer did and promoted, but the exercise is valuable as it improves understanding. Circuits do what they do, not what we want, and the more we know about the risks and rewards the more informed our decisions become.

Take your own informed counsel instead of relying upon dogma.
 
As I see it, the OP thinks that after all this time tubes and it’s equipment should be better due to technical break throughs and better materials. That why can a society with less decades ago produce better quality products. Like how I’ve had a balanced set of four Korean War 12AX7’s that have been in an Ampex console for the past ten years...of which has less to do with technology and more to do with those that did the work itself.
 
Products made decades ago were very expensive.

Today's products are made to a lower-pricepoint and reflect this. Low prices ripple through the entire manufacturing and supply chain. It's why fans are made of injection-molded plastic instead of die-cast or stamped and riveted metal.

The tubes you enjoy cost three hours of semi-skilled factory labor to purchase. APIECE. Figure $30 to $50 today. The console probably cost an educated white-collar worker four month's after-tax pay. The DOL and DOC statistics are useful here.

It is not the case that some mystical and magickal ability to make things was lost, it is that ordinary people won't pay that kind of money for a disposable consumer items.

Rebuilders can easily fix the cost-savings decisions.

I am about to disassembly one my column floor fans to lubricate the motor bearings. This is why it lasts for a decade instead of a single season. (My other fans are from the 1950s to 1960s, and are also regularly lubricated.) Disposable society is largely about price, skills, and willingness to do maintenance.
 
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