Not reliably, no. Only to a limited extent, provided I have already listened to that particular piece played by that particular pianist before.I know I generally prefer Uchida to most other classical pianists, but I can't tell you why, unlike jazz pianists, who strike me as highly individual. (i.e. - I can hear the difference between Mal Waldron and, say, Kenny Baron.) What do you listen for in a classical pianist? Can you (or anyone else who responds to this) reliably identify a classical pianist 'blind'? I know I can't.
For instance, I was once listening to a Mozart concerto on the radio, and it seemed to me it resembled a recording of Christian Zacharias' that I had in my library, though it didn't sound exactly the same. I said to myself, "this sounds a bit like Zacharias, but not quite. It must be someone who is trying hard to imitate him". Well, it turns out it was indeed Zacharias, but a different recording from the one I had. But I couldn't put my finger on exactly what it was that seemed to me at the time to sound like Zacharias. It had a certain air of familiarity, because I happened to have listened to him play that concerto several times before. Could I recognize him if I heard him play something completely new? No, I don't think so.
If I heard Mitsuko Uchida's recording of the Mozart 9 with Jeffrey Tate, I would recognize it immediately, not necessarily because I'd recognize some personal feature of hers, but because that particular performance is so completely different from every other that I've ever heard. But would I recognize her if she played a piece that I haven't heard yet? Probably not.
It's often impossible to attach strict labels to them, to say "Zacharias is like this", or "Uchida is like that". Artists like to experiment, they develop over the course of their career, they try various approaches, they may approach a piece in a certain manner and another piece in a completely different one... That's why there's no musician that I could call my absolute favourite no matter what. No matter how much I love a certain performance of a certain musician, there are always other performances of theirs which aren't necessarily among my favourites.
Nevertheless, there are some broad character traits that can distinguish them, at least up to a point. For instance, Glenn Gould is renowned for his erratic tempi and the incredible way in which he makes those tempi work. And for his extreme warmth and musicality, for his perfect phrasing, which came from a deep understanding of the work and a deep feeling for it.
To me, Friedrich Gulda is defined by a certain air of passion which I can't describe in words. I can't say exactly what generates it, but whenever I listen to his recordings of the Mozart piano sonatas I feel that he has a deep, deep love for them, that he enjoys playing them more than anything in the world. It seems to me he isn't performing for us, but he's just playing for his own enjoyment, just having a great time in his own living room, and we just happen to witness it. I find that passion deeply contagious.
Mitsuko Uchida can be extremely technical when the score demands it, but she is never technical just for technique's sake, just to show off. She knows how to combine virtuosity with warmth and emotion. And she knows not only when to play a note, but also when not to play it. Pauses are sometimes as important as the notes, and not many pianists master the art of pausing. Uchida does. Gould also did. A well timed pause creates tension. It makes us eager to hear the continuation, and makes us breathe a sigh of relief when we finally do. A badly timed pause, conversely, breaks the flow of the music. A lack of pauses, which is typical of young pianists who tend to concentrate on showing off their technical prowess, can make the music feel like a machine gun.
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