The Wikipedia write-up for 3D printing lists nearly 30 different "processes". While some of these may be "a rose by any other name . . .", we must be aware of the different processes, materials, resolutions, etc. It seems like Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) continues to be the most prevalent. You need to do enough research to find out what is best for your project. FDM extrudes a small 'stream' of plastic (or other material) that hardens, eventually forming an object. I tried this from several "printer" places, but none of them was able to "print" the detail and resolution required for my 18mm (~U.S. penny) gear.
I am trying to learn more about some other processes, especially ones like stereolithography (SLA) that uses a laser to solidify layers of photopolymers. This seems to offer belter detail on small parts, but I am still learning.
And the beat goes on - - -