Interesting. I am not well-versed at all on digital audio. I don't have much of an educational background in science or math (I got like a 65 in first-year linear algebra). My cheap-o Harmon/Kardon HD200 circa 1989 doesn't sound deficient at all to me when playing CDs. The drawer mechanism is kind of going (I will need to get a new CD player someday) so I tried using a cheap Sony DVD player for a bit and it worked fine as well. I expected some difference given that they are two consumer-level devices produced many years apart, but CDs still sounded like CDs. It wasn't as pronounced a difference as say changing the cartridge on my turntable. I don't have kit to do level-matched A/B-ing between devices, so I can only really speculate as to the differences.
I am not really up on how these things work exactly. I am aware that DACs fall into one of two broad categories: multi-bit and delta-sigma. From what I've gathered multi-bit DACs would seem more prone to errors because they employ banks of resistors and the tolerances for resistors are only so good.
Based on this review plus the measurements:
Review and Measurements of Topping D50 DAC this Topping D50 DAC would appear to be the bees knees. Do you have any thoughts on it?
I'll look into those paper when I get the chance.