ToniCH
Here is a Jan 2020 refresher, including recent inputs. I'll edit this list to add more info, and place an asterisk (*) on the new lines.
Original . . . Substitute
2SA561 --- KSA733C (C= collector center)
2SA562 --- BC327
2SA606/2SC959 --- NTE129MCP (Complementary pair product #)
2SA640 --- KSA992 or ZTX795A
2SA697 --- ZTX795A
2SA706 --- KSA1381ESTU, BD136
2SA726 --- KSA992FTA/-FBU, BC560
2SA733 --- KSA733C (C= collector center)
2SA745 --- MJ15004G, upgrade: MJ21193, 2SA1695
2SA747 --- MJ21193G (for example AU-9900/11000 output), 2SA1695
2SA750 --- KSA992FBU
2SA818 --- KSA1381 (pin order!), KSA1142, (2SA0914?)
2SA839 =/= 2SC1669 MJE15033 or 35
2SA847 --- KSA992
2SA850 --- KSA1013, =/= KSA992
2SA850(D,E) --- KSA916YTA
2SA896 --- KSA1381ESTU (pin order!)
2SA899 --- KSA1142, KSA1220AYS, KSA1381
2SA906 --- KSA992
2SA908 --- MJ21193G, MJ21195G (for example AU-20K output)
2SA914 --- KSA1142, KSA1381
2SA917 =/= KSC916(Y)TA
2SA939 --- KSA1381, KSA1220AY
2SA958 --- 2SA839?
2SA968B --- 2SA1859A
2SA981 --- MJ21193G
2SA992 --- KSA992
2SA1102 --- ? ? ? ?
2SA1103 --- 2SA1694
2SA1105 --- 2SA1695
2SA1106 --- 2SA1695 (avail. fr. Digikey), NJW1302G
2SA1170 --- 2SA1493 or 94 SanKen Case MT200 Late G-7700 output
2SB327 --- KSA1220A
2SB507 --- MJE15033G
2SB507(E,F) --- KSA1010Y
2SB526 --- MJE15033, TTA004B
2SB527 --- MJE15033, KSA1220, TTA004B
2SB527(D,E) --- 2SA1859/A
2SB528 --- 2SA1837 (TO220, fully insulated case)
2SB528(E) --- KSA1220A Case TO-26
2SB536 --- KSA1304Y, MJE15033G
2SB537 --- MJE15031G
2SB545(A) --- MJ21193G
2SB560 --- KSA916, KSA916(Y)TA Case TO92L
2SB560(D,E) --- KSA916YTA
2SC281 --- KSC1815
2SC458 --- 2SC2240, 2SC1345
2SC711 --- KSC945C(G)TA Case TO-92
2SC735 --- BC337
2SC839 --- MJE15033or 35
2SC871 --- 2SC2240, KSC1845, or even BC549C or BC550C (pin out differences!)
2SC875 --- ZTX694B
2SC945 --- KSC945C (C= collector center)
2SC959/2SA606 --- NTE129MCP (Complementary pair product #)
2SC983 --- KSC1845
2SC1116 --- MJ21194G (for example AU-9900/11000 output), 2SC4468
2SC1124 --- MJE15032G or stronger KSC2073
2SC1211 --- KSC2383
2SC1313 --- KSC1815
2SC1364 --- KSC945C (best if used on protection board), KSC2690 (for more demanding use)
2SC1400 --- KSC1845
2SC1402 --- MJ21194
2SC1403A --- MJ15003G, upgrade MJ21194, 2SC4468
2SC1585 --- MJ21194G, MJ21196G (for example AU-20K output)
2SC1628 --- KSC3503 (pin order!), (2SC1953?)
2SC1669 --- MJE15032
2SC1708 --- KSC1845
2SC1735 --- KSC2383, KSC1845
2SC1735(D,E) --- KSC2316YTA
2SC1775 --- KSC1845FTA
2SC1811 --- KSC3503ESTU
2SC1845 --- KSC1845
2SC1904 --- KSC3503, KSC2690AY
2SC1951 --- ZTX694B
2SC1953 --- KSC2682, KSC3503
2SC1983 --- TIP112F or KSD1273Q
2SC2071 --- KSC3503, KSC2690AY
2SC2238 --- 2SC4883
2SC2238B --- 2SC4883A
2SC2261 --- MJ21194G
2SC2577 --- ? ? ? ?
2SC2578 --- 2SC4467
2SC2580 --- 2SC4468
2SC2581 --- 2SC4468 (avail. fr. Digikey), NJW3281G
2SC2774 --- 2SC3857 or 58 SanKen Case MT-200 Late G-7700 output
2SD188(A) --- MJ21194G
2SD247 --- MJ15003G
2SD313(E,F) --- KSC2334Y
2SD356 --- MJE15032, TTC004B
2SD357 --- KSC2690A, KSC2073, TTC004B
2SD357(D,E) --- 2SC4883/A
2SD358(E) --- KSC2690A Case TO126
2SD381 --- KSC3296Y, MJE15032
2SD382 --- MJE15030G, MJE15032
2SD438 --- KSC2316, KSC2316(y)TA Case TO-126
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Here are some diode and zener subs I've seen mentioned while collecting transistors:
Diodes/rectifiers:
10D1 --- 1N5392, 1N5393, EGP20B
10D2 --- 1N5392, 1N5393, EGP20D
30D2 --- 1N5402G, EGP50D
1S1588 --- 1S2473, 1N4148
1S2473 --- 1N4148, 1N4149, 1N4448
VD1212 --- 2pcs of 1N4148 connected in series
1S1850 --- MUR1620CTG (TO220) - or use 1N5393G (200V 1.5A) or 2A03 (200V/2A) to make your own Common Cathode -diode pack
1S1850R --- MUR1620CTRG (TO220) - or use 1N5393G (200V 1.5A) or 2A03 (200V/2A) to make your own Common Anode -diode pack
Zeners
EQA01-30R (½W) - BZX55B30 - 2%
EQB01-22 --- BZV85-C22 or 1N4748A
RD-13A --- TZX13A-TR
RD-13E(B.C) ½W --- BZX55B13 / 1/2W 2%
RD-15E(B,C) ½W --- BZX55B15 / 1/2W 2%
RD-15E --- ??? Maybe 1N5245BTR, comments?
RD-18E(B,C) ½W --- BZX55B18 / 1/2W 2%
RD-18F(B,C) 1W --- BZX85B18 / 1.3W 2%
RD-18F ---1N4746A, 133
RD-22E --- ??? Maybe 1N5251BTR, Comments?
RD-24F(B,C) / 1W --- BZX85B24 / 1.3W 2%
RD-33F --- BZX85B33-TR